Islamic view on War and Peace:

 Islamic views on War and Peace:

In Islam, the concepts of war and peace are deeply rooted in the principles of justice, compassion, and the protection of humanity. The religion emphasizes peace as an ideal state and the goal of human interaction, both on a personal and societal level.

And for war, if it is war and not mere ghazwa Quran clearly lays down that Fight in the way of A;llah against those who fight against you d not love aggressors. 

The Prophet of Islam, Muhammad is depicted through extremely polar interpretations. Some perceive his life as a source for peace-making societies,whereas others portray him as a "warmonger" or Prophet of the sword" and use his examples to justify violence and terrorist attacks. The major incidents referred to in the latter context are the war and conflicts that occured after his migration to Madina. These conflicts are also prominent in sirah narratives of his Medinan life from classical and modern periods.This is mostly attributed to the power balances the Muslims had little power in Makkah, which resulted in them enduring adversities,including verbal insults and physical tortures while remaining peaceful and non-violent.

Methodology and limitations of the paper: 

In the field of history, it is paramount to focus on primary resources to collect information and have valid understanding of past events. In this respect, early and classical period sirah sources are crucial to obtain a true and reliable picture of the events that unfolded in Prophet Muhammad life.Since perception attributed to the Prophet are due to controversial claims made by different groups, such as radical or extremists to justify their acts based on Islamic tradition classical sirah works need to be closely examined as a touchstone for the accuracy and authenticity of such claims. Sirah sources are crucial, given that most attention is paid to verses of the Quran and Prophetic tradition. The focal point for this research is locating and understanding the actual picture of  war and consequently peace in the Prophet's life, based on the available recorded data in the Islamic and in particular the sirah tradition.

A Brief overview of the Prophet's life:

Starting from the first revelation Prophet Muhammad's prophetic mission continued for 23 years. After receiving his first revelation in 610 CE, the first 13 years of his mission were spent in Mecca and the last ten years of his mission were spent in Makkah ranging from verbal and physical harassment, to ever increasing levels of enmity, which resulted in persecutions and torture. The level of adversity reached a point where Prophet Muhammad was humiliated by the Meccan polytheists and faced physical torture. The level of adversity reached a peak when all Muslims were subjected to a boycott for approximately three years 

During the Meccan period, neither revolutionary acts nor any kind of war or violent reactionary movement existed that could serve as a reference for radicals. Prophet Muhammad was manifestly on the side of peace and determined to remove or neutralize all elements that could lead to violence. To avoid any sort of reactionary movement  and conflict, he crafted strategies such as the principle of avoidance as the main  philosophy. Similarly, he established an educational institution known as Dar al-Arqam to keep his followers, particularly the youth, away from conflict  zones. Sending handfuls of follwers during this time to Abyssina  can also be seen as a peaceful means to reduce the ever-increasing tension in Meccan society.

Permission for War:What changed in Madina:

During the Madina period, the Muslims had battles with outsiders. The Meccan polytheists were the most prominent. This raises the question: although the Muslims faced harassment and torture during the Meccan  period they did not react or retaliate, and preferred to remain silent, In Madina, however, they acted and resorted to to combat against the same people who harassed them in Makkah.

Objectives of the permission for War:

Apart from understanding  the context for permission, it is also crucial to touch on other aspects, i.e the reasons, objectives and engagement rules, to have a thorough understanding of the context and place of war in a life of the Prophet. Here this article begins to answer . Madina the Meccans were not satisfied, as they were still developing plans to extinguish Islam and the Muslims. This was due to taking this as a matter of honour among the Arabs. The Makkah did not shy away from conflicts, using all the means available to them to pressure the muslims and Madina. In this regard they communicated with different groups and leaders within Madina. and used tremendous effort to overturn their support of the Muslims. 

Islamic view of Peace:

Islamic peacemaking is a teaching and tradition that has the potential to transcend divisions. It may be that God will grant love and friendship between you and those whom ye (now) hold as enemies. For God is oft-Forgiving. Most-Merciful.

Islamic view on just war: 

Int concludes that the Quran is unambiguous: Muslims are prohibited from aggressive violence and are compelled, if warfare should become unavoidable always to act within a code of ethical behaviour that is closely akin to, and compatible with, the western warrior  code embedded within Just War.

Peace (Salaam): The Arabic word for peace, Salaam, is derived from the root word Silm, meaning peace, submission, and security. Islam encourages peaceful coexistence, tolerance, and respect for others, regardless of their faith or background. The Quran often refers to peace as a virtue and encourages Muslims to seek peace and avoid conflict unless necessary. For instance, in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:208), it says: "O you who have believed, enter into peace completely and do not follow the footsteps of Satan."

War in Islam: Islam acknowledges that war, though not preferred, may be permissible under specific circumstances, such as self-defense, protecting the oppressed, or defending one's homeland. However, even in times of conflict, Islamic teachings impose strict ethical guidelines to limit harm and ensure that actions taken during warfare align with justice. For example, the Quran outlines that civilians, women, children, and religious figures should not be harmed, and the destruction of crops, animals, and homes is prohibited (Quran 2:190-193). War should be waged with the intention of restoring peace, not for aggression or expansion.

Jihad: A common but often misunderstood term, Jihad refers to striving or struggling in the way of Allah. It can refer to both internal struggles, such as striving to live a righteous life, and external struggles, including the defense of Islam against injustice. The concept of Jihad in the context of war emphasizes that any military conflict should be defensive and just, aimed at preserving peace and not for conquest or revenge.

Conditions for War: Islam sets forth conditions for when war can be declared, and these include:

1. There must be a just cause, such as defending against aggression or protecting the oppressed.
2. War should be the last resort after all peaceful means have been exhausted.
3. A legitimate authority must declare war; individuals or groups cannot declare war without the approval of those in charge.
4. Even in warfare, compassion and ethical treatment of all parties, including prisoners of war, are essential.

Peace as a Long-Term Goal: The ultimate goal of Islam is to establish peace and harmony in the world. A Hadith from the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) states: “The strong person is not the one who is able to overpower others, but the one who controls himself in times of anger” (Sahih al-Bukhari). This reflects the central Islamic value of maintaining peace through self-discipline and striving for fairness, justice, and mutual respect.

While Islam acknowledges the need for war in certain circumstances, it is always viewed as a means to restore peace and uphold justice. Peace is the ultimate goal, and Muslims are encouraged to seek peaceful solutions and live harmoniously with others whenever possible.

War rules of Islam:

Neither, kill a child, nor a woman, nor a woman, nor an aged man. Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire especially those which are fruitful. Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone

Islamic concept of War:

Islam allows war in self-defence to defend Islam (rather than to spread it), to protect those who have been removed from their homes by force because they are Muslims and to protect the innocent who are being oppressed.

What is peace called in Islam:

Hence, Muslim is not a true believer unless he  loves rest of the creation. The feelings of love are expressed when a Muslim meets others and greeets them with peace wishing good to them all. This explains that peace can prevail when people love each other.

Islamic views on war and peace are grounded in both the teachings of the Qur'an and the Hadith (sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad), and are informed by centuries of Islamic scholarship. Islam, like many world religions, advocates peace but also allows for defensive action when necessary. Here are some key aspects of the Islamic perspective on war and peace:

1. Peace as the Ideal State:

• Fundamental Message of Islam: Islam derives its name from the Arabic word Salaam, which means peace. The faith encourages peace between individuals, communities, and nations. The Qur'an, in various verses, promotes peace and reconciliation.
• Qur'anic Emphasis on Peace: The Qur'an speaks of peace as a state of harmony that should be pursued in both personal and societal matters. For example, the verse “If they incline to peace, then incline to it” (Qur'an 8:61) encourages Muslims to seek peaceful solutions whenever possible.

2. War as a Last Resort:

• Principle of Self-Defense: Islam permits war only in self-defense, or when a community is being attacked or oppressed. The principle is rooted in the Qur'an and the actions of the Prophet Muhammad. The Qur'an states, “Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress. Indeed. Allah does not like transgressors” (Qur'an 2:190).
• Proportionality and Just Cause: In the event of war, the use of force must be proportionate and for a just cause. Unprovoked aggression or excessive violence is prohibited. The goal of war is not to harm civilians or cause unnecessary destruction. This principle is reflected in the concept of Jihad, which is often misunderstood. While Jihad can refer to striving or struggling for justice, it also encompasses the defense of Islam and the community.

3. Rules of Engagement in War (Jihad):

• Protection of Civilians: During wartime, Islam emphasizes the protection of non-combatants, including women, children, the elderly, and religious figures. The Prophet Muhammad’s teachings forbid the killing of innocent people during war.
• Humane Treatment of Prisoners: Prisoners of war must be treated with dignity and respect. The Prophet Muhammad established guidelines for the humane treatment of prisoners, encouraging their fair treatment, and even their release in some cases.

4. The Concept of Jihad:

• Greater Jihad (Personal Struggle): The Greater Jihad refers to the personal, spiritual struggle against sin and striving for moral and ethical perfection. This is often considered the more significant aspect of Jihad.
• Lesser Jihad (Physical Struggle): The Lesser Jihad refers to the physical struggle or defense against oppression and injustice, often associated with war. However, this should only occur in the context of a just cause and should adhere to ethical rules of warfare.

5. Reconciliation and Forgiveness:

• Promotion of Forgiveness: Islam stresses the importance of reconciliation and forgiveness, even in the face of conflict. The Qur'an says, “But if they repent, establish prayer, and pay the Zakat, then let them go their way” (Qur'an 9:5). This verse suggests that even in wartime, the potential for peaceful resolution through repentance and reform is always present.
• Prophet Muhammad’s Example: The Prophet Muhammad himself exemplified this approach. For example, after the conquest of Mecca, he forgave many of those who had opposed him and embraced a policy of reconciliation.

6. Peace Treaties and Diplomacy:

• The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah: One of the best-known examples of the Islamic approach to diplomacy and peace is the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which was negotiated by the Prophet Muhammad with the Quraysh tribe. Despite initial setbacks, this treaty led to years of peace, allowing Islam to spread peacefully across the Arabian Peninsula.

7. War as a Means of Justice:

• Fighting Against Oppression: Islam allows war in the case of fighting oppression, tyranny, and injustice. The Qur'an mentions, “And why should you not fight in the cause of Allah and for those who are oppressed” (Qur'an 4:75). This highlights that war may be justified if it is to end oppression and establish justice.

8. The Role of Leaders in War and Peace:

• Responsibility of Muslim Leaders: Islamic leaders are expected to act in the best interests of their communities. They are obliged to seek peace and stability and avoid unnecessary conflicts. If war is declared, it should be for a just and moral cause, and the leader is responsible for ensuring that war is fought within the ethical boundaries set by Islam.

9. Islamic Scholars and Interpretation:

• Diversity of Opinion: Islamic scholars have diverse views on war and peace, with some advocating for pacifism, while others support the use of force under specific conditions. There is also a distinction between defensive wars and offensive wars, with the latter being more heavily debated.
• Islamic Law of War: There are legal principles in Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) that have developed over centuries concerning the ethics of war. The Fiqh of war includes guidelines on the treatment of prisoners, the rights of women, and the protection of property, all of which reflect Islam’s concern with minimizing harm in wartime.

10. Contemporary Issues and Interpretation:

• Modern Challenges: The concept of Jihad and the rules of warfare in Islam are sometimes invoked in modern political contexts, but many scholars argue that these ideas must be understood in light of the modern world and its laws. Terrorism, in particular, is widely condemned by the majority of Muslim scholars, as it violates the core principles of Islamic teachings.
• Peacebuilding Efforts: Many Muslim-majority countries, NGOs, and religious leaders work toward peacebuilding initiatives, often based on these core Islamic principles of peace, justice, and reconciliation.

Islamic teachings on war and peace are rooted in the pursuit of justice, the protection of human life, and the promotion of peaceful coexistence. War is only permissible in Islam under strict conditions, primarily in self-defense or to protect the oppressed, and it must be carried out according to ethical guidelines. Islam encourages peace, reconciliation, and the resolution of conflicts without violence whenever possible.

Importance about Islamic view on war and Peace:

Islamic views on war and peace are deeply rooted in the principles of justice, mercy, and the sanctity of life. The teachings of Islam emphasize that war should be a last resort, only permissible under specific circumstances, such as self-defense or to protect the oppressed. Here are some key points on the importance of these views:

1. War as a Last Resort

Islam strongly discourages initiating violence. War is only justified when peaceful means of resolution fail. The Qur’an encourages dialogue, negotiation, and peaceful settlement of disputes. For instance, in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:190), it says: “Fight in the way of Allah against those who fight against you, but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors.” This highlights that self-defense is the only legitimate reason for war, and even then, it must be conducted within strict ethical boundaries.

2. Ethical Conduct in War

When warfare is unavoidable, Islam sets clear ethical guidelines to ensure humane treatment of all, including non-combatants. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized protecting civilians, women, children, the elderly, and the environment during conflict. The prohibition of mutilation, betrayal, and the destruction of crops or animals is another key aspect of Islamic conduct in war. These rules promote a sense of humanity even amidst conflict.

3. Peaceful Resolution and Forgiveness

The concept of peace holds a central place in Islam. The word "Islam" itself is derived from the Arabic root S-L-M, which means peace, submission, and safety. Muslims are encouraged to make peace even when they have the upper hand in conflict. The Qur’an stresses forgiveness and reconciliation, such as in Surah Ash-Shura (42:40), where it states: “The reward of an evil is an evil like it, but whoever forgives and makes reconciliation - his reward is with Allah.” This demonstrates the Islamic commitment to resolving conflicts peacefully whenever possible.

4. The Sanctity of Life

Islam places great value on the preservation of life. The Qur'an repeatedly emphasizes the importance of protecting life, such as in Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:32): “Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind entirely.” This verse underscores the gravity of taking a life and highlights that war, even if justified, should not lead to unnecessary loss of life.

5. Social Justice and Protection of the Weak

Islamic teachings on war and peace are intrinsically linked to the concept of social justice. War should be fought to protect the weak, oppressed, and marginalized. The Qur’an emphasizes the duty of the Muslim community to defend those who are unable to defend themselves, as seen in Surah An-Nisa (4:75): “And why do you not fight in the cause of Allah and for the oppressed among men, women, and children who say: ‘Our Lord, take us out of this city of oppressive people and appoint for us from Yourself a protector and appoint for us from Yourself a helper.’”

6. The Pursuit of Lasting Peace

Islamic teachings also focus on building societies where peace and justice prevail. The emphasis on kindness, charity, and mutual respect encourages individuals and communities to work towards peace through everyday actions. This principle is exemplified in the concept of salaam (peace), which extends to not only a state of physical peace but also spiritual peace, encompassing justice, equity, and harmony in all aspects of life.

Islamic views on war and peace emphasize a strong ethical framework that promotes justice, mercy, and the protection of life. War, in Islamic teachings, should always be a last resort, conducted with the utmost care for human dignity, and ultimately aimed at achieving lasting peace and reconciliation.

Aspects about Islamic views on war and peace:

Islamic views on war and peace are shaped by both the teachings of the Qur'an and the Hadith (sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad) and Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). These sources emphasize a balanced approach to conflict and promote peace while allowing for defense when necessary. Here are some key aspects:

1. Peace as an Ideal

• Islam places a high value on peace. The word "Islam" itself comes from the Arabic root "S-L-M," which means peace, safety, and submission. The ultimate goal for Muslims is to live in peace, both with one another and with God.
• The Qur'an encourages peaceful resolution of disputes and fostering harmony among people. Surah 49:10 says, "The believers are but brothers, so make peace between your brothers."

2. War as a Last Resort

• War is not encouraged in Islam and is considered a last resort. The Qur'an only permits fighting when it is necessary for self-defense or to protect religious freedom.
• Surah 2:190 (Al-Baqarah) states, “Fight in the way of God those who fight you, but do not transgress. Indeed, God does not like transgressors.” This indicates that fighting is only allowed in self-defense and must be proportionate.

3. Conditions for Just War

• Islamic tradition has specific rules about how war should be conducted. A just war (or "Jihad") is one that is fought for righteous purposes—such as defending the Muslim community or upholding justice—and not for personal gain or aggression.
• Combatants must adhere to ethical conduct even during war. This includes prohibitions on killing non-combatants (such as women, children, and the elderly), destroying crops, or harming civilians.

4. Jihad

• "Jihad" is often misunderstood in the modern world. While it literally means "struggle" or "striving," it encompasses both personal spiritual efforts (like striving for moral purity) and physical struggle, including self-defense in the face of oppression.
• The concept of Jihad in the military sense is often misunderstood as "holy war." However, the Qur'an highlights that the greater Jihad is the struggle against one’s own weaknesses and temptations.

5. Rules of Engagement

• There are clear rules for warfare in Islam. These rules prohibit the harming of innocent people, the destruction of property, and the betrayal of treaties. Prophet Muhammad emphasized these principles during his time.
• In Hadith, Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said: "Do not kill women or children or non-combatants and do not kill old people or monks" (Abu Dawood).

6. Peace Treaties and Diplomacy

• Islam encourages the use of diplomacy and negotiations to end conflicts. Surah 8:61 (Al-Anfal) advises: "And if they incline to peace, then incline to it and trust in Allah."
• Peace treaties, alliances, and respect for agreements are considered important, and breaking treaties is condemned (Surah 9:4).

7. Forgiveness and Reconciliation

• Even in cases of conflict, Islam encourages forgiveness and reconciliation. The Qur'an teaches that reconciliation is better than revenge: "Repel evil with what is better, and you will see that the one between whom and you there is enmity will become as though he was a close friend" (Surah 41:34).
• Forgiveness and mercy are seen as virtues that contribute to peace, both on an individual and collective level.

8. Punishments and Accountability

• Islam also has strict guidelines on justice and punishment. While punishment may be called for in cases of major transgressions, the goal is to maintain justice and order rather than to seek vengeance.
• There is an emphasis on accountability in the afterlife, with God ultimately being the one who will judge people's actions.

 Islamic views on war and peace promote a just and ethical approach to conflict, advocating for peace, self-defense, fairness, and reconciliation. While war is not ideal, when it becomes necessary, it must adhere to moral guidelines and should aim to restore peace and justice.

Benefits about Islamic views on war and peace:

Islamic teachings on war and peace emphasize a balance between justice, compassion, and the preservation of human dignity. Here are some key benefits from an Islamic perspective on war and peace:

1. Emphasis on Peace and Diplomacy: Islam strongly advocates for peace and diplomacy. The word “Islam” itself is derived from the Arabic word "Salaam," meaning peace. The Quran and Hadith (teachings of the Prophet Muhammad) repeatedly encourage peaceful resolutions to conflicts. War is seen as a last resort after all attempts at peaceful negotiation and reconciliation have been exhausted.
2. Rules of Engagement: Islamic teachings outline strict ethical guidelines for war, aiming to minimize harm to civilians, property, and the environment. For example, civilians, women, children, the elderly, and religious figures are forbidden from being harmed during a conflict. Destruction of crops, trees, and religious buildings is also prohibited.
3. Justice and Protection of Rights: Islam emphasizes that war should only be waged in self-defense or to protect the oppressed. The concept of “Jihad” is often misunderstood; it is primarily viewed as a struggle for justice, peace, and to protect human rights. The goal is not aggression but the defense of justice and the prevention of tyranny.
4. Accountability and Responsibility: There is a strong emphasis on personal and collective accountability in Islam. Those who engage in warfare are reminded that they will be held accountable for their actions, and war should only be pursued for noble reasons such as defending the oppressed or protecting the community. Killing innocent people is considered a major sin.
5. Mercy and Compassion: The Quran and Hadith emphasize showing mercy even to those who are defeated in battle. Captives should be treated with kindness, and the wounded should receive care. Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said that "whoever shows mercy to others, God will show mercy to them." This emphasizes the humanitarian aspect of Islamic war ethics.
6. Promotion of Social Justice: War in Islam is sometimes viewed as a means to establish justice and equity in society. Fighting against oppression, tyranny, and injustice aligns with the greater goal of ensuring that people live in a just and equitable society. This can be seen in historical examples of the early Islamic state, which sought to implement justice and social welfare.
7. Protection of Religious Freedom: Islam supports the protection of religious freedom and tolerance. Even in times of war, Islam advocates for the protection of the rights of non-Muslims, including their freedom of religion. The Quran makes it clear that there should be no compulsion in religion (Quran 2:256), and Muslims are urged to protect the rights of others to practice their faith.
8. Peace as a Long-Term Goal: Ultimately, the goal of war in Islam is to create lasting peace. The famous Quranic verse “And if they incline to peace, then incline to it” (Quran 8:61) stresses that the preference should always be for peace over conflict. After any conflict, Muslims are encouraged to seek reconciliation and restore relationships for the sake of long-term harmony.

 Islamic teachings on war and peace prioritize justice, mercy, the protection of innocent lives, and the ultimate pursuit of lasting peace. The emphasis is on limiting violence and conflict, while striving for reconciliation, fairness, and respect for all of humanity.

Significance about Islamic views on War and Peace:

In Islamic teachings, the concepts of peace and war are deeply intertwined with the religion’s core values of justice, mercy, and compassion. Islam, which means “peace” in Arabic, emphasizes that peace should be the ultimate goal for individuals and society. The religion promotes peace through submission to Allah's will, with the ideal being a state of harmony in both the personal and collective aspects of life.

Islamic Views on Peace

Peace in Islam is not just the absence of conflict but the presence of justice, equity, and the welfare of individuals and communities. The Quran, the holy book of Islam, repeatedly emphasizes the importance of peace and reconciliation:

1. Peaceful Coexistence: Muslims are encouraged to live peacefully with others, regardless of their faith. The Quran says, "O you who have believed, do not let a people’s hostility prevent you from being just. Be just; that is nearer to righteousness" (Quran 5:8). This encourages Muslims to uphold fairness and justice, even in the face of animosity.
2. Salaam (Peace) as a Greeting: The word "Islam" itself is derived from "Salaam," meaning peace. Muslims greet each other with "As-Salaam-Alaikum" (Peace be upon you), signifying peace as central to their daily lives.
3. Reconciliation and Forgiveness: Islam teaches the importance of peace through forgiveness and reconciliation. If conflict arises, Muslims are encouraged to seek peaceful resolution rather than escalate tensions. The Quran highlights that reconciliation is a preferred path: "And if two factions among the believers fall to fighting, then make peace between them..." (Quran 49:9).

Islamic Views on War

War is not inherently encouraged in Islam but is permitted under strict conditions, often described as jihad in a broader sense. Jihad, often misunderstood, refers to the struggle or effort to lead a good life, but it can also mean striving in the path of Allah, including defending the Muslim community in the face of aggression. However, the principles of just war in Islam emphasize restraint and morality:

1. Just War Principles: Islam permits war only when there is a just cause, such as self-defense or protecting the oppressed. Aggression or unprovoked violence is strictly prohibited. The Quran says, "Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed. Allah does not like transgressors" (Quran 2:190). This verse highlights that war must be defensive and that actions during war must remain ethical.
2. Minimizing Harm: The Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) teachings emphasize minimizing harm during war. Civilians, religious leaders, women, children, and the environment must be spared. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said, "Do not kill any old person, any child, or any woman." (Sunan Abu Dawood). These guidelines reflect the Islamic commitment to compassion even in the context of conflict.
3. Peace as the Ultimate Goal: Even in wartime, peace is the ultimate objective. In cases where the opposing side offers peace, Muslims are commanded to accept it: "But if the enemy inclines to peace, then incline to it also..." (Quran 8:61). This demonstrates that reconciliation and peace should always be pursued when possible.

Conclusion

Islam’s approach to peace and war is centered on promoting justice, mercy, and harmony. While Islam recognizes that war may be necessary under certain circumstances, it places strong ethical limits on the conduct of war, focusing on protecting the innocent, ensuring justice, and pursuing peace. The overarching message is that peace should be the preferred state of affairs, and war should only be a last resort, conducted with respect for human dignity and moral values.

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